Frequency changing circuit



March 13, 1951 K, APPERT 2,545,250

FREQUENCY CHANGING CIRCUIT Filed Dec. 15, 1949 I 2 F INVENTOR.

A z/A T E HPPERT ,4 T TORNE vs Patented Mar. 13, 1951 UN l TED S TATES OF Fi CE FREQUENCY CHANGING CIRCUIT Kurt E. ApperLSan Francisco galifa, assignonto Lenkurt Electlie 00., Inc.,- San Carlos, Calif; a corporation of Delaware Application'fiecember 15, 1949} Serial No'.- 133',1:05*

1 Claim. 1

This invention relates to frequency changing circuits, that is, circuits for modulating; or demodulating carrier waves for radio or carrier current telegraph or telephone use, and particularly to'such circuits of the double balanced type which exclude from the output both of the frequencies which are fed into the device and leave, in such output, only the sum or difference frequencies thereof.

The class of rnodulator-demodulator circuits here under consideration is that which accomplishes the modulating function by what is essentially a reversing switch process wherein the output. frequency which is to be modulated upon a carrier or demodulated from a carrier sideband is reversed at the carrier frequency, the reversal being accomplished by the non-linear currentvoltage characteristic of a group of rectifiers. A large number of circuits using this principle are known and some of thein are widely used. Practi'call'y any type of non-linear circuit elementmay beemployedfor the purpose, includingthermionic tubes as well as rectifiers of the contact type. The latter, however, are at the present time more important commercially, owing to the fact that if they are not overloaded they require practically no maintenance over long periods of time,

and that no power supply for cathode heating or anode bias is required.

In circuits of the character mentioned the switching is accomplished by applying to the rec tifiers the carrier frequency at a potentialrwhioh is in excess, and preferably materially in excess, offthe other input voltage, whether the latter be a low modulating frequency or a sideband frequency; for convenience it will hereinafter be re frred to as the modulating frequency regardless of whether the process involved is modulationor demodulation. the balanced type two pairs of rectifiers are used, and? the circuits are so arranged that the carrier potential is applied to one pair in the forward or current-carrying direction, and to the other, pair in the reverse direction, wherein the resistance offered by the rectifiers is so high that the current carried is negligible. The other input potential is applied in opposite polarities tothe two rectifiers of each pair. Accordingly, by the principle of superposition, one of these rectifi'ers carries a current which is the sum of the instantaneous values of the carrier and the modulatin'g current whereas the other rectifier ofthe current-carrying pair carries a current which is the difference of the two. Sincethe applied carrier voltage is the. higher the net current through In frequency changing circuits of 21 both of the current-carrying, rectifiers is in the forward direction. Onthe other hand, one of the second pairi ofrectifiersis subjected: to the sum. and the other to the difference of thein- 7 stantaneous carrier and modulating potentials:

the resultant must. always he ofthe same sign as the carrier or conduction will occur" andv the switching system breakdown with: consequent distortion;

Wherrthe rectifier-sare in-the current-carrying state' their" efiective resistance is quite'low'. Voltage drops occur around: both input circuits. Since, irrthe carrier circuit, the primary function of. thecarrier voltage is to maintainthe rectifying switches in the open or closed'position, re.- spectively; in the: simpler'forms of such circuits the carrier voltage drop occurs primarily across the rectifying units. As the two' pairs of r'ectifiers are connectedin parallelasv iewed from the carriercurrentt source, the potentials which serve to: holdone pair of" rectifiers in the open state are limited to the drop across the closed?" recti fiers. In the signal: circuitstonithe other'lia-nd', only a small proportion? of the. voltagedrop? need occur across the: rectifiers. As: a result of: these factors, and because; it is anecessary condition in i this type: or modulator circuit that the carrier voltage exceed the signal voltage, the operation must beheld to a" verylow level if distortion is to be' avoideck, for' if: itis: not}. the" closed rec"- tifiers will overload.

To": avoid thissituation curr'ent-liiniting resisters have: been introduced: ini series with the carrier circuit. Various? circuits for doing: this are: known: European: practice, I inthe United States: one" example: or: such" circuits is the patent to E. S; Grimes; No; 2,4623%; Thepatenti mentioned; shows two arrangements for introducing such resistance", one of which the: currentlimiting resistors are inserted the individual arms of a lsubsta'ntia'lly" convention-a1 bridgemodulatorieircuit, and the other ofwliiclr limiting resistors? form the arms of a T connection be tween theni idpo'ints of two separate" secondaries on: the; modulating: current" input transformer.

One Of fiinetionsof the double Balanced" used for such duty are notoriously non-uniform, and the achievement of balance as between the rectifiers themselves depends very largely upon the careful selection from a relatively large num ber of samples of those to be used in any one modulator. The same thing holds true, though perhaps to a somewhat lesser degree, as regards electronic rectifiers of either the diode or the multi-electrode types. Moreover, even though rectifiers may have originally been selected which are in balance there is sometimes a drift in impedance as the devices age.

In circuits of the type wherein current-limiting resistors are connected in the rectifier arms of the circuit, as in the Grimes circuit first described, any lack of balance which may exist between the-rectifiers in the conducting condition may be compensated by the resistors, since they may be made of high enough value so that the rectifier resistance becomes a small proportion'of the impedance of the entire circuit. This arrangement, however, means that the modulated components themselves must traverse the high impedance paths, and the result is a very large insertion loss in the device as a whole. In the second type of circuit the insertion of the resistors has no effect upon the balance, but the insertion loss is not affected by their presence. Moreover, this latter type of circuit requires that a plurality of center tapped windings be balanced with extreme accuracy, and the complication and the expense of the circuit are multiplied with each new balance which must be attained. Since there are multiple balances required in circuits of this latter character, each of which is independent of the others, and any of which will upset the overall balance, while it may be possible to obtain a balance with respect to one branch it is almost impossible to achieve such balance with respect to all. All other circuits of the prior art with'which I am familiar are subject to one or the other of these limitations andin the practical case both of the limitations are serious ones.

,3 The broad purpose of the instant invention is to avoid the limitations just mentioned as inherent in the circuits of the prior art, and to provide, ,instead, a frequency changing circuit wherein modulation or demodulation may be at- 4 tained' at Ya high level without overloading the non-linear. elements included therein; to provide a circuit wherein the carrier current component maybe balanced out to as high a degree of accuracy as may be warranted by the duty to which the device is applied and to provide a circuit wherein accurate balance is required as between a minimum number of transformer windings and wherein failure to balance such windings may be compensated and is not fatal to achieving an overall balance of the carrier component and its exclusion from the external circuits.

In accordance with this invention a pair of.

conjugate transformers is provided, these transformers acting, respectively, as the input and output transformers for the-modulating and modulated signals. One of these transformers, which, for convenience, may be referred to as the input transformer, is provided with two substantially equal but'separate secondary windings. The other transformer, termed for convenience the output transformer, has a single secondary winding which is center-tapped. As in the case of all frequency changing circuits of the character herein referred to the functions of these two transformers may .be interchanged A it Each of the separate secondaries is bridged by a pair of resistors in series, and the carrier potential is applied between the junction points of these resistors and the center tap of the output transformer. One end of the output transformer is provided with a pair of connections, these connections leading respectively to ends of the two separate secondary windings on the input transformer which are oppositely poled with respect to the primary winding. A similar pair of connections extends from the other end of the output winding to the opposite ends of the separate secondaries, and a non-linear element or rectifier is inserted in each of the four connections menr tioned. The rectifiers connected to the two ends of each of the separate secondaries are oppositely poled with respect to the carrier potentials applied thereto.

As a result of this system of connections there is a separate resistor in series with each of the rectifying elements, and these resistors may readily be adjusted so as to balance out any inequalities in the carrier component. The resistors are not, however, in series with the rectifiers as viewed from either the input or the output transformers; instead, the four resistors in series-parallel are shunted across the signal circuit, offering a shunt impedance equivalent to the resistance of one of the four resistance elements, and since this can be made quite high the resulting insertion loss is relatively small. The carrier voltage may be applied either from a twowire circuit one terminal of which connects to the midpoint of both pairs of bridging resistors, the other terminal connecting to the midpoint of the center-tapped transformer, or a threewire connection can be used with the midpoints of the carrier and the output transformer connected together while the two ends of the carrier circuit connect effectively to the midpoints of the resistor networks connected across the two separate secondary windings of the input transformer. In either case adjustment can be provided for accurately balancing the carrier components.

In the accompanying drawings, explanatory of the detailed description to follow, Figure 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating the connections utilized in the embodiment of the invention first above mentioned; and Figure 2 is a similar diagram illustrating the embodiment of the invention second mentioned above.

In'the form of the invention illustrated in Figure 1 the nominal input side of the device comprises a transformer having a primary winding I and two equal secondary windings designated as 2 and 2', all magnetically coupled as through the core. 3. The line marked in connects to the terminals of the primary I, and may carry either a relatively low modulating frequency current, such as a, voice frequency telephone current, or a sideband frequency produced by modulating a carrier, which is to be demodulated by the device.

The output side of the circuit is represented by a transformer generally designated by the reference character 5 comprising a center-tapped winding 1 coupled through the core 9 to a single winding I I, which connects to the circuit marked out and will carry either the sidebands produced by modulating the carrier with the input frequency or the restored modulating component, depending upon whether the device is used as a modulator or demodulator. The windings of the two transformers are so designed that the im-v amazed pedances of. the input. and: output circuits are equal. as viewed from. within. the; devicev through either of theinputtransformer windings] or. 2. and the'completeoutput transformer primary! respectively; 1. e., if; both. of the lines. have equal impedances. the number of turns in each. of. the. secondaries 2 and 2 shouldbe equal to the-total number of turns of the center-tapped primary 1, the; two transformers. being. otherwise. similar...

qEachendof. the winding; l is connected to one end of; the. windings 2 and, 2', the connections being. such. that, considering only OIIB'GIldxOf the winding; 1,, itis. connected to; ends'of the. windings.

2-. and. respectively which are. oppositely poled; with.respectto potentials produced therein by the primary coil l. Thus the-upper endof thecoil I. isiconnected to theupper. end of coil 2 and to the lower end. of coil 2', (it being assumed that the-latter. two coils are wound in the same direction upon the-core 3) and the. lower end of the coil 'lisconnected to the other ends of the coils 2 and 2.

In series in the connectionstto. the coil 2 from the winding 1 are rectifiers l3, and in. theconnections t'o coil 2 a similar pair. ofrectifiers I31- The recti fiers of each pair are oppositely poled with respect to the carrier-potentials.

Bridged across the terminals of the coil 2 is. a. series. pair: of resistors l5. In the present; case there is shown between these resistors an addi-. tional resistance element I? provided with an adjustable contact i9. This; latter arrangement is; optional. The major portion ofthe resistance in the series circuit is comprised within the two resistors IS; the two halves of the resistor I I may be considered as continuations of the two resistors l5 and the sliding contact as their junction point. The adjustable intermediate resistor is a refinement which is frequently unnecessary. A similar series circuit of resistors, preferably composed of identical elements to that just described and designated by similar reference characters distinguished by accents, is bridged across the winding 2'.

Carrier current from any suitable source 2| is fed into the circuit through leads 23 and 25. Lead 23 is connected to the midpoint of both of the series resistor combinations l5|1 and |5l1, i. e., it is connected to the variable contacts l9 and I9. Lead 25 connects to the center tap of winding 1.

The general operation of this circuit should at once be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the half of the carrier current cycle when lead 23 is positive the rectifiers l3 offer a relatively low resistance, perhaps 100 to 200 ohms, and conduct readily, and most of the potential drop around the carrier current loop occurs in the resistors [5 which preferably have a value of several thousand ohms. Since both of the rectifiers are conducting the carrier current will divide evenly between the two resistors [5 if they are accurately balanced, and this balance can be achieved with great accuracy by adjusting the contact I9. This adjustment can also compensate for any unbalance between the forward resistance of the two rectifiers, and if the two halves of the winding 1 are not equal enough unbalance can be introduced through the adjustment of the contact to make up for the difference between th ampere-turns of the two halves of the coil so that an exact overall balance is achieved with respect to the output circuit. The important point in the arrangement is that each arm of the resistor net is in series with one rectifier and one rectifier only and ina: equalities: between the: two; rectifiers or the wind-- ings: of; the transformer 5. cantherefore: be comepletely compensated. The two ends: of the coil: 2 being at. substantially thesame potential an al most equally good balance. against. the carrier iS achievedia with respect; to the input circuit;

Si nal. currents fromv the. coil 2.. are added. algebraically; asafar their instantaneous valuesaare concerned,. to; the: carriercurrent through the rectifiers-z In". thelcaselofltlie' signal currents: the voltage drops occur primarily across. the transformer windings, very: little drop": taking: place across. the rectifiers; and accordingly; insofar: as

thezpotentials across: the rectifiers themselves; are" concerned; the" drop due-1 to the: carrier current exceeds thatldue to' themodul'atingcurrent: across the onerectifier ofithepair wherein the two drops are; subtractive; this: being. the necessary condi tion for substantially distortionless modulation; Boring thesame interval', when the lead 23is'2posi; tive; rectifiers ['3 will" be substantially non conducting: to. the carrier. Substantially the entire drop between leads 23 and 25' therefore" takes place. across the rectifiers t3"; In case of themodulatingpotential from winding 2'; a potential drop alsooccurs: entirelyor almost entirely across the two rectifiers I3". This potential} drop is much higher than that across the rectifiers l3, since: substantially none" ofit occurs across the output transformer: winding 11 If" the carrier voltage drop: across th'e rectifiers- I 3 were limited to: equality with the drop occurring across" rec tifiers [3 this: drop might: be overcome by the modulating voltage, causing conduction to take place and distortion to ensue, but owing to the fact that there is substantially zero drop across the resistors I5 the carrier voltage rises to meet the occasion and accordingly high level modulation may be maintained. The circuit therefore meets all'of the requirements of 'former circuits using either fixed biases or current-limiting resistors and at the same time permits neutralization of rectifier unbalance without introducing an insertion loss such as is caused by the use of limiting resistors directly infseries with the rectifiers and the modulating or signal currents. Some insertion loss is, of course, produced, due to the "shunt resistances I5 and l 5' connected across the coils 2 and 2.

It should be pointed out that it is only in exceptional cases that the final adjustment made "on the resistance elements I! and I1 by their associated sliding contacts need be made. Fixed resistors, while subject to manufacturing inaccuracies, can be made to much closer tolerances than rectifiers can be, and center-tapped windings such as the winding 1 can be made to a high degree of accuracy, although this does involve expense.

' Both the degree of imbalance and the insertion losses will vary with the other constants of the circuits actually employed- To some extent they are interdependent but both can be made materially lower than those in more conventional circuits capable of equally high-level modulation.

Figure 2 shows a modified form of the invention which employs a three-wire carrier circuit instead of the two-wire circuit shown in the first form described. In this case the input and output transformers are identical with those shown in the first figure and are identified by the same reference characters. The rectifier connections are the same with the exception that the two rectifiers connected to coil 2' are oppositely directed from those shown in the first figure and are therefore designated by the reference characters l3". 'Ih'e bridging resistor circuits are the same insofaras resistors I5 and I5 are con cerned, but the adjustable resistors 29, 29'. connect through sliding contacts 31 and 3!, to leads 33-1-33 and thence to opposite ends of the centertapped winding 35 of a carrier current transformer 31. The latter is supplied by a carrier source 2| Whichrnay be of the same character as that used in the first described form of the device. The center taps of windings 35 and I are connected together.

One'f-urther fact inconnection with the circuits should, perhaps, be mentioned. It has already been pointed out that the input and output circuits are conjugate and can be interchanged without any effect upon the operation of the device. In reversing-switch-type modulators of this general character the carrier input circuit is ordinarily conjugate to the other two and can be interchanged with either of them without affecting operation, but that is not true in the present case since connecting the carrier leads to either the input or the output circuits would. not only make the resistance network useless as effecting a limitation of the current through the rectifiers but would also add an extremely high insertion loss. I r

'I claim: A frequency changing circuit comprising apair of conjugate input-output transformers, Oneof.

said transformers having a pair 'of'substantially equal separate windings and a third winding for connection to a line, the other of said transform- 'ings, a rectifier in each of said connections, the

two rectifier-s connected to each end of said center-tapped winding being oppositely poled with respect to said center-tapped winding, and a carrier current circuit including a second centertapped winding, the center taps of both of said 7 center-tapped windings being connected together and the ends of said second center-tapped Winding being connected respectively to the junctions between said pairs of series resistors.

KURT E. APPERT.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,462,093 Grimes Feb. 22, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 696,583 Germany Aug. 22, 1940 

